How to dry clothes without shrinking them

Most shrinking happens in the dryer, not the wash. Fibers are stretched during spinning and weaving; heat and moisture together let them relax back toward their natural length, and a hot tumble supplies both at once with agitation on top. The wash starts the process; the dryer finishes it. Which is good news, because drying is the easier step to control.

Why fabrics shrink

• Cotton, linen and viscose relax when wet and hot — most of it on the first wash and dry, which is why new cotton should be washed cool and dried low the first time.
• Wool felts: heat, water and agitation lock its scaly fibers together permanently. A wool sweater in a hot dryer comes out a child's size.
• Synthetics don't relax so much as deform: high heat can set creases into polyester and nylon or make acrylic stiff, and it destroys elastane's stretch.

Reading the square

The drying symbol is a square. What's inside it says how:

• A circle in the square — tumble drying is allowed. One dot inside means lower heat; two dots mean normal heat.
• A crossed-out circle in the square — no tumble drying.
• A horizontal line — dry flat. A curved line at the top — line dry. Vertical lines — drip dry, without wringing or spinning first.
• Diagonal lines in the top corner — dry in the shade.

All the variants are in the laundry symbol guide.

Using a tumble dryer safely

• Low or medium heat for almost everything. High is for towels and sturdy cotton whites only.
• Take things out slightly damp, then hang or lay them out to finish. Over-drying is where much of the shrinkage and the wear happens, and it sets creases.
• Don't overload. Clothes dry by tumbling through hot air; a full drum steams itself.
• Use the sensor setting rather than a timer if the machine has one — it stops when the load is dry instead of running hot for another twenty minutes.
• Clean the lint filter every load. A blocked filter makes the dryer run longer and hotter.
• Dryer balls separate clothes so they dry faster and softer; dryer sheets coat fabric, and are best kept away from towels and sportswear.

Drying without a dryer

• Knits dry flat. Wet knitwear stretches under its own weight on a hanger. Lay it on a towel or mesh rack, pat it into shape, and turn it once.
• Shirts and dresses hang on a hanger, buttoned, shaken out — they dry with fewer creases than they'd come out of a dryer with.
• Darks and brights dry in the shade; sun fades dye. Whites can take the sun and benefit from it.
• Move air. Indoors, a rack near an open window or a fan dries clothes faster and stops the damp smell that comes from drying slowly.

If something has already shrunk

Cotton and wool that shrank from relaxation, rather than felting, can often be coaxed back: soak the garment in cool water with a little hair conditioner or wool detergent for half an hour, press out the water, and gently stretch it to size while laying it flat to dry, pinning or weighting the edges. It's a partial fix and it doesn't work on felted wool, but it recovers a size on a lot of garments that would otherwise be given away.

LaundryMax reads the drying symbol along with the wash instructions, so you know before the load goes in which garments come out of the machine and onto a rack. See how it works.